A Comparative Study on Compulsory Voting - Free Essay Example

This study explores various aspects of democracy and compulsory voting in the present political scenario with particular focus on the USA. The Thesis Statement is: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Compulsory voting can help people to meet their obligation for the democratic society and reduce the inequality of turnouts in election in USA.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? This paper is a comparative analysis of the works of different scholars on the democracy and voting. The topic chosen for the study is à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“A Comparative Study on Compulsory Votingà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?. The first part of the paper covers different aspects of the voting. The paper covers thoughts of Plato, Aristotle, Bellamy, Tocqueville, Kilborn, Zakaria, Daltono and others. Democracy and idea of compulsory voting do not go along as per the basic concept is concerned. However, unless the voting percent is high, the objectives of democracy can not be achieved. This opens avenues for discussion over the required and right approach for the compulsory voting and democracy. The countries compared and covered in this paper are Australia, America, some European countries like UK, France, Canada, Belgium and Thailand. Compulsory Voting Definition Compulsory voting has been defined in the following way: Birch (2009) defines compulsory voting as, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Compulsory voting can be defined very simply as the legal obligation to attend the polls at election time and perform whatever duties are required there of electors.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? Concepts of Compulsory Voting Why to focus on compulsory voting? There are 29 countries in the world that have laws to fully force their citizens to take part in elections, and this constitutes a quarter of whole democratic countries (Birch, 2009). But in the compulsory voting states, the general perception about compulsory voting is that it is a relic of the past which has lost its utility in the present time and that it will ultimately vanish from the surface of the world as voters flex their muscles, states fight for their liberal powers and struggle to free themselves from all types of compulsion. In fact the statesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ stand is definitely different from much modern political thought, which is more and more coming to see duties and rights as going hand to hand. Moreover participation in elections remains voluntary in many states. In the year 2006, there were three major reports issued on the topic of UK by the Electoral Commission, the Society of Hansard and Public Policy Research Institution (B allinger, 2006; Electoral Commission, 2006; Keaney and Rogers, 2006). The same problem is faced by France and Canada where prominent members have recently called for the electoral participation to be mandatory. The big fact that compulsory voting has currently received too much attention from practicing politicians whose suggestion that it is ripe time for a reviewing of the old institution of voluntary voting is alarming. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Widespread, high voter turnout legitimizes government and helps correct for lower levels of political participation and influence among socio-economically disadvantaged groups. However, state efforts to increase turnouts are unlikely to succeed if they merely chip away at the already low cost of voting. To reach consistently high turnout, state actors must look to richer understandings of voter behavior. (Marisam, 2009)à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? Oddly enough, there has not been even a single monograph available on compulsory voting in English language for 50 years. We donà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t claim that any studies have not been done on the topic. As a matter of fact it has been the subject of a range of academic journal articles, and its scope has been so much widened that it also touched on literatures as varied as on wealth inequality, etc. Yet compulsory voting tends to be studied mainly for context analyses which have principal objects for investigation. This aims to fill up the gap between scholarly literature by providing a fully detailed overview of the practice, history, cause and effect of the legal obligation for vote. If ever compulsory voting is to be introduced in polities, it is very important to have clear understanding of the different arguments for and against compulsory voting. One of the main functions of this study is to assess and evaluate the entire issue. Compulsory voting has been introduced in a numbe r of contexts dealing with a range of problems, from Belgium in 1893 to electoral corruption in Thailand over a century later in 1997. This research seeks to widen the study of compulsory voting by elaborating and systematically examining each of the effects against comparative proof from all over the world. Compulsory electoral contribution considerably alters the enticement structures which are faced by all the actors in the electoral field, from voters to parties and candidates and to electoral administrators. Compulsory voting is mainly investigated to understand and elucidate the impact of the institution on phenomena such as party strategies, electoral integrity, political engagement, electoral outcomes and policy outcomes. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Drawing from a range of scholarly fields, this Article introduces a comprehensive framework for how state actors can conceive of and contemplate efforts to increase turnout. An understanding of how to engage core voter motivations, such as self-interest, social identity, altruistic cooperation, and community norms, must inform these efforts.  Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? (Marisam, 2009)à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? Conceptualizing Compulsory Voting It has been largely recognized by electoral behavioral lists that there are a number of factors that bring people to the polls. We can here conceptualize the incentives to vote which generally fall into two wide categories; push and pull factors. Pull factor in which pull includes the range of vote motive and it also includes wish to influence electoral outcome, it has expressive aim, goal, objective, identification with political contestants and perceptions of civil duties (e.g. Campbell et al., 1960; Riker and Ordeshook, 1968; Verba et al., 1978; Powell, 1980; 1982; 1986; Crewe, 1981; Rosenstone and Hansen, 1993; Dalton, 1996; Franklin, 1996; 2002; 2004; Gray and Caul, 2000; Blais, 2000; Norris 2002; 2004). The lawful compulsion to vote is a main à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"pushà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ factor; voters are urged to the polling booths by the law and they are threatened by the sanctions. But still there are other kinds of pressures also that can be exerted to make people come to vote. It includes political and social influences and generally operates outside the ambit of formal political institution and it never can be marked effectively. Such types of pressures are known for bringing forth highest rates of turnout and have been achieved in different parts of the world- the USSRs frequently reported 99.99% levels of electoral participation (Bruner, 1990). Australian System of Compulsory voting as discussed by Young Hill, (2009) has the high turnout rates and high informal voting. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Although Australias compulsory voting system (4) has led to a very high rate of turnout in Australiaon average around 93 per cent of registered voters (5)there is also a high informal voting rate and this has led to the political exclusion of significant numbers of citizens. At each national election in Australia, hundreds of thousands of votes are not counted because the ballots are improperly filled out. The informal vote rate is an indicator of social and political exclusion, with particular groups of Australians being inordinately disadvantaged. The fact that this indicator has increased in four out of the past five federal elections is of significant concern.  (Young Hill, 2009)à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? A Typology of compulsory voting Form of obligation Sanctioned Unsanctioned Formal Sanctioned electoral compulsion ( e.g. Australia ) Unsanctioned electoral compulsion (e.g. Venezuela ) Informal Sanctions, benefits in the absence of formal compulsion (USSR) No Compulsion, little pressure to vote (USA) Table: 1 Full Participation Sarah Birch Political parties may also play an important role in influencing Coercive mobilization  (see Cox and Kousser, 1981; Hasen, 2000; Lehoucq 2003). At least, sometimes even ordinary social pressure proves to be a powerful force in encouraging and boosting people to vote. Campbell et al., 1960;  Rosenstone and Hansen, 1993; Blais, 2000; Franklin, 2004) It should be considered that while discussing compulsory electoral participation, we mainly focus on the cases where electors have legal obligation for polls. But usually, legal and informal socio-political forces play very complex role.   Participation of voters in the voting process due to legal obligation congruent with social and political norms must be considered a variation within state machineries along with sub-cultural, geographical or the other lines- in the forms of congruence. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Ian McAllister and Toni Makkai have linked high levels of informal voting in Australia to the interaction between compulsory voting, the presence of large numbers of immigrants within the electorate and the complexity of the electoral system. (38) The frequency of elections, the disparity between voting methods at three distinct levels of government and the presence of compulsory preferential voting, all combine to create a complex voting system that makes it difficult for those with low English and literacy and numeracy competence to record a formal vote. (39) It is telling that, of late, informal voting in New South Wales has been higher than the national average  (Young Hill, 2009)à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? In simple way we should understand that there are two ways of obligation to vote: informal (social and political) and the formal (legal). It should also be clearly noted that enforcement of formal compulsory electoral participation needs to be related to cultural environment and politics which help in the reinforcement of voting (i.e. congruence between legal and socio-political forces). Malouf puts it, compulsory voting `is a great leveler which forces us `to remember that however grand we may think ourselves, we have just one say like everyone else (cited in Jones 1996: 23). Zachary Elkins (1996:iv), wrote that from the idea Brazilian case, and suggested that compulsory voting laws are very important and it holds means civic habits and structuring a culture participatory in nations where democracy is not yet consolidated. Senator Nick Minchin has made the debatable argument that `compulsory voting has in fact a donor to the low level of political knowledge in modern Australia (1996b: 18), and according to Morgan Poll conducted in 1997 show that 67 per cent of Australians was in favor of compulsory voting. According to the Newspoll market research of Australian electoral commission 1996, 3rd march and 74 % was at the side of compulsory voting at the federal election. Compulsory voting presents very significant connection between vertically (between governed and gove rnors) and horizontally (between members of the electorate). It is silly and strange to suggest that voting is solution for many problems such like problems of power asymmetries which is linked with democracies, so it clearly seen that voting can work to restructure some of the effective marginality. Rydon (1997: 177) also stressed that genuine democracy needs that people should be completely free to vote. In the case, an individual does not want to vote than freedom should be in his hands no one can force him. Majority report of current parliamentary question on compulsory voting and stated: `if Australia is to consider itself a mature democracy, compulsory voting should now be abolished (Wright 1997). Stevens (1984: 84-91) noted that in this case voting became state election rule in Australia. It became compulsory in 1980. An education program was brought by Australian Electoral Office to explain election effectiveness, and voting propose was to prevent and effective disenfranchisement which is caused by informal votes (Jaensch et al. 1981). State and Government Ideal state and justice by Plato and Aristotle According to Plato only through society (state) good life can be possible. He also mentions that society is a natural institution and all human beings are political and social animals. State exists only for the sake of good life. Now according to Plato, freedom and economic well-being can not define good life. And justice should be the aim if we intend to have a good society and lead a good life. Justice is therefore must conformed by a true state (the Ideal of which exists in the World of Forms). And so state must not define what is just. Justice is an entity of knowledge, and it is one of the forms. This is the reason that every statesman should be a philosopher. And supposing he is not the same, he will only lead the state towards self-destruction. Justice for the state is equivalent to justice for any individual, and state must be regarded as a pattern of justice for every individual. According to Plato souls have three parts: Fig: 1 The City-State According to Plato justice always exists in individual when the lower appetites are subject to government of reason. The state should be in peace and harmony and this peace of the state is analogous to the peace of the individual. Recall Socrates self-rule. Freedom actually means what we have to do with wisdom and have ability to do what we ought. In other words, it is only when our appetites are subject to reason that every individual can do whatever they ought to do. This is clear that unjust person cant control his anger, and he can only moderate his passion towards money, etc. So for Plato justice is a form of order, a harmony between the appetites and reason. Plato also means that just person will never allow his anger to move towards something irrational in any way. So only in this way just person is truly free, so the same thing applies to state also that only that state which is just is truly free. Thus, the just state looks like the following Fig: 2 the City-State Justice in Aristotleà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s View: (The Nicomachean Ethics, pp. 741-748.) The Greek words for justice and injustice are more unclear than the recent English vocabulary. For Aristotle Justice is a virtue-a sort of character feature. For him justice is a part of ones motives and behavior. He accepts clearly a line between all those who participate in a society/state but do nothing. According to him only few are true citizens of the state who take part in state. People who stay in state and work for it but do not meet any of the criteria of being true citizen and should not receive any benefit of political enterprise. Aristotle searches virtue in terms of the Golden Mean, if justice is a virtue as we think then it must be some kind of mean. Thus it must be some kind of intermediate act, between some sort of extreme circumstances. Sometimes, stateà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s character can be recognized by its effects and by the effects of its opposites. So roughly one can find out that a person is unhealthy because he holds certain types of characteristics which are opposite to healthy characteristics. Though Aristotle thinks that the characteristics of justice are vague and he feels to identify the characteristics for injustice and work. A person who does not follow law is unjust and greedy. The just person necessarily follows the law and seeks for his fair share in state. Greed: A person who is greedy only wants to grab everything. Every thing is not absolutely good or is not good for everyone but a greedy person can not understand it. Law:  The law is loyal to the benefit for all, or to the benefit for the best, or to the benefit for all those in power. Thus it serves the creation or the safeguarding of cheerfulness within politics. The law orders us to perform according to the mean. A well-written law follows the mean well and the poorly written law does not. So it is clear that Justice is a virtue that can be applied to all neighbors and fellow citizens. Justice is not a particular intermediate but it is a way of looking intermediates. It is justice for all fellow citizens, but when it gets considered, it becomes abstract. Education of the guardian by Plato and Aristotle Platos Republic is most excellent and is known all over the world for its ultimate defense of justice. It also includes an equally powerful protection of philosophical education. Platos ideas of education, however, are hard to distinguish because of the unnecessary details of conversation. Socrates (Platos representative of dialogue) posits two contradictory visions of education (the first is the education of the warrior guardians and the second is the philosopher-kings education), but he also provides a slight description of education between the educational methods he uses with Glaucon and Adeimantus. While the spectacular framework of the conversation makes facets of the  Republic  tricky to clutch, in the case of education, it also provides the key to locating and understanding Socrates factual idea of education. Socrates educational approach interlocutors directly correspond with his vision of the education of the philosopher-kings. And partly suggest that the allegory of the yielding is representative of factual Socratic education. The first explanation of education, however, is not an incorporated dialogue lacking reason. In accordance with the playful, progressive and philosophical education, recommended by the yield equivalence and the philosopher-kings education, Socrates uses many unreliable and frequently contradictory thoughts and images (among which is the first account of education) regularly directs his pupils in the direction of a personal understanding of knowledge and philosophy. The aim of education is to create a good man. By nature every man is good. He has to study to manage his animal behavior through the exercise of reason. Man behaves according to customs and reason as a rational being and he is able to have pleasure. Education aims at the development of the potentialities every man has. It must seek for mans intellectual capacities for development and personal growth and highest level of physical and mental strength and health. Form of government by Aristotle Aristotle discussed three more different kinds of constitution namely oligarchy, democracy, and polity in his works (Ackrill, 1997, Aristotle, translated by Ostwald, 1999). There are numerous kinds of democracy and numerous kinds of oligarchy. The words few and many envelop a range of social categories, reversing from one city to other, and the term rule covers a range of actions which are carried out with the help of various organs. This is a good matter to deal and activities are allocated to social category. It is clear which organ of administration is managed and controlled by which groups but all this is enclosed by the umbrella terms few and many. Depending on how closely power is scattered, there are numerous unusual kinds and forms of government in Platos table. In his book The Politics he distinguishes between good and bad forms of ruling, whether it is rule by many (democracy), by a few (oligarchy, aristocracy) or by one (monarchy). Aristotle in his book clearly stated that he was never in favor of democracy and democracy is not the best form of government. As it is also right for oligarchy and monarchy, rule in democracy is mainly for and by the people named in the government type. But according to him in democratic form of system, rule is by and for the needy only. In disparity, rule of law or aristocracy (literally, power [rule] of the best) or even monarchy, where the ruler has the attention of his country by his whole heart, are improved types of government. Influence of democracy on the feeling of the Americans Government, Aristotle says, must be by those people who have sufficient time in their hands to follow virtue. In present U.S. drive towards movement of financing laws planned to build the political life existing even without well- endowed fathers. It is very unusual from the contemporary generation politicians who only move by wealth at the cost of the citizenry. Aristotle believes that rulers should be propertied and leisured, so, without any fear they can give their time to produce virtue. Aristotle actually does not favor any one form of Government. There are possibly three types of government, oligarchy, polity and monarchy. Aristotle perhaps favors the last type. Polity is made up of the major groups of individuals who have slightest chance to do any real damage to the state. Oligarchy is made up of the aristocracy. And monarchy is made up of only one ruler. All these have the greater chance of damage because action can be taken by few individuals. For all time Aristotle approximately prefers a middle (mean) position to one of the extremes. Influence of democracy on the feeling of the Americans The book Democracy in America by Tocqueville translated by Henry Reeve says that United States paid very less attention towards philosophy in this civilized world. Americans dont have even a philosophical school of their own. They do care but very less for all the schools and in that sense Europe is divided, and the name of such a school is scarcely known to them. Democracy and Oligarchy Definition Democracy has been defined differently by different authors. A simple definition of democracy by Joseph Schumpeter is à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“that institutional arrangement for arriving at political decisions in which individuals acquire the power to decide by means of a competitive struggle for the peopleà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s voteà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? (as cited by Cheema and Maguire, 2004) The democracy has been divided into different categories and countries are placed within different regimes. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“The Economist Intelligence Unità ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s democracy index is based on five categories: electoral process and pluralism; civil liberties; the functioning of government; political participation; and political culture. Countries are placed within one of four types of regimes: full democracies; flawed democracies; hybrid regimes; and authoritarian regimes.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? (The Economist, 2008) Table: Democracies across the world Influence of democracy on the feeling of the Americans( Tocqueville) According to the Tocqueville there is only one county on this earth where whole citizens enjoy maximum freedom of association for political purposes. America is the only country where continual exercise of right to association has been introduced into civil life. In other countries where political associations are illegal, civil associations are rare but connection between these two kinds of associations is necessary. In many states participation in elections remains voluntary and growing number of voices which call for making it legal obligation never gets successful. In the year 2006 UK issued major report on it which is clearly given in the introduction part. Here the main things to focus is that compulsory voting is very much appreciated by the political leaders who all are practicing and giving advice that time is ripe for a reviewing of institution scholar. Civil association facilitates political association while on the other side political association strengthens and develops the association for civil purposes. In civil life, every human may speak harshly so that he can be provided for his own want. When people have any idea of public life, they enjoy it very much. Politics gives birth to all associations in civil life but is rarely interested in drawing numbers of men to act concretely. It needs high quality of skills but in politics opportunities are present every day. In politics men come together for clear and great understanding and through this they make principles of association to teach them how to co-operate each other. A political association brings a number of people at the same time out of their own circle. Civil association never gets any contribution from political association. People look upon public association as a lucrative world because here people are free to do anything in a democratic manner. According to the aut hor art of association is like mother of action which can be applied to all. Liberal and global focus on democratic participation in election is democracy. George said that he even heard about America that voting is most important right as being an American citizen and him also mentioned that democracy is very precious system for people and for country. Relation of civil to political association by Tocqueville Reeve further elaborates American democracy by the condition of equality that leads men to entertain instinctive of the supernatural and exaggerated opinion of the human understanding. Men who live in social equality are not easily led to place that intellectual authority in which they blow beyond and above humanity. Every ordinary person commonly seeks for sources of truth in themselves, and this is enough to prove that no new religions and schemes can be established for such purposes as they are not immoral. This is again clear that democratic people will not give credence to marvelous mission; people will seek to discover the chief arbiter and go beyond their limits of human kind. An individual is compared with others for equality in democratic country as he is equal to others in civil society. In United States every individual adopts great numbers of theories on morals, politics, and philosophy without any inquiry upon public trust. This is a fact that political laws of the Unite d States are majority rules and the political community has sovereignty and this increases their power. Effects of compulsory voting on Australia According to Mackerras and McAllister (1996: 2) in compulsory voting Australia has an efficient system and it is probably oldest of any advanced democracies. In year 1997 Parliament recommended that compulsory voting necessity for referenda and federal elections be repealed and this was reported by Joint Standing Committee on Electoral Matters table. Few year back when Chris Ellison was Senator of Australia (the minister responsible for federal electoral arrangements presented a bill to Australian Parliament which was against prisoners of Australia and in that bill, it was about to deny prisoners rights for federal rights for voting. According to Senator Nick Minchin ( 1996a: 245,248) said that compulsory voting is a fundamental breach of civil liberties and that it is `inconsistent with the essence of a free and democratic society to force people to vote There was the claim that liberal- democratic principles of choice and freedom which violated by compulsion voting, on the other-s ide there are some fundamental democratic ideals and principles and that is: legitimacy, representativeness, minimization of elite power and political equality (Stevens 1984: 61; Johns 1998: 368-9). Since voluntary voting low down and give incomplete information regarding the electorate, one could easily argue on it that democratic principle of popular sovereignty enhances by compulsory voting. Those who all are free over the liberal principles in this philosophical war stated that compulsory voting post minor restriction on freedom of personal in comparison to the other collective action or problems which is resolved in democracies by mandatory such like: jury duty, paying taxes and compulsory school attendances (Lijphart 1997: 1). The fact that compulsory voting annoyance on the state to sure insertion on individuals voting, and also suggested that voting obligation is actually reciprocal one. So it is clear compulsory voting is a misnomer, it is only a kind of attendance at a polling place (entailing having ones name marked off the roll, collecting the ballot papers and putting them in the ballot box) that is compulsory. The AEC never search to force people to note their ballot paper, so therefore great chance and opportunity to participate in state activities. Compulsory voting is a nosy and odd incident but apparently neither it bothered to Australians, nor have they make compulsion for voting, very few asked questions against paradoxical status and liberal democratic relation principles. Many of the Australian felt that voting is not a compulsion in-fact it is a fair to understand that voting is undemanding civic obligation and it is seen in Australia mainly in political culture which deeply supported Aust ralian electorate. Compulsory voting functions as an agent of social cohesion which mainly focus on public etymologically: till what extent voluntary voting can shape of republic and this give understanding regarding the relationship between community and voting. Compulsory voting provides a rare occasion for solitary participation. Liberal democracy and global focus on democracy by Fareed Zakaria The US government is stuck on democracy that it has been keenly promoting it all over the globe. US State Department officials and politicians have connected eligibility for help to democratic à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“improvementsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? within the nations. Zakaria (2003) seems to have no objection to the aid. He just wishes that the United States would stop demanding that countries make democratic reforms as a condition for receiving the assistance. Therefore, many nations in Africa, South America, and Asia who have turned more democratic in recent years, but at the same time have become less free. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“What you end up with,à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? the author writes, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“is little unlike from autocracy; albeit one that has greater legitimacy.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? Struggling nations require the rule of law and right and respect for individual à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬  constitutional liberalism à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬  very much. US government has been unconsciously approaching democracy on individual level. To take a step toward greater democracy is also obvious in America, however Zakaria (2003) does not like what he sees. He argues that people believe in the balance between the right of the majority and the will of the minority. America is at the same time pursuing a simple-minded theory that all people should value the legitimacy of democracy. This philosophy has destructed all old institutions and undermined all traditional authorities. Congress in America for example, is more democratic, but Zakaria (2003) adds that it is therefore more open to special-interest group pressures. The author too supports Zakaria (2003) and also states that spread of direct democracy à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬  that is, referenda and vote initiative is prevalent in the US. On these processes, Leef (2003) says; give us à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“a jumble of laws, often contradictory, without any of the debate, deliberation, and compromise that characterize legislation.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? Zakarias (2003) solution moves towards decision making and that is not democratic, therefore sightedness and special interest pressure remains. Zakaria (2003) really admires Federal Reserve because it is insulated by democracy. However this book is not well thought about the problems which Americans face and there people are making many different political decisions democratically. According to the author constitutional liberalism must return but deemphasizing democracy makes difference in political institution. Here author says that earlier democratic system in America was very less and was totally authoritarian government mandates but still it passed a lot of legislation as Zakaria (2003) wanted, thats why the author says that Zakaria (2003) has lost sight of the goal and he never focuses much on the goal namely a restoration of constitutional liberalism. Conclusion In the last, the long arguments remain the same that if there are freedom and equality which are considered to be intrinsic parts of democracy then why to enforce laws of compulsory voting. Compulsory voting is a contradiction in itself. If one has a democracy and one does not have freedom to vote or not to vote there, the very purpose of democracy that provides people with the right to vote or not to vote gets compromised (Rydon, 1997; Wright, 1997). A democracy is not a democracy if it does not allow people to exercise their will on their own. Freedom of exercising their will gets curtailed and what remains there is actually debris in the name of democracy. But the problem is not as simple as stated in the above lines. Compulsory voting theory is nowadays propounded by political scientists and theorists who have researched very strenuously and arduously on the issue (Jaensch et al, 1981). They have reached to the conclusion that if compulsory voting system is not implemented the ve ry idea of democratic countries will vanish from the world. They point out that if there is nothing to maintain democratic norms properly why not to make voting compulsory (Cheema and Maguire, 2004). If people do not show their inclination to vote and exercise enfranchise on their own and do not display any inclination towards harmonizing this process of democratization (Blais, 2000; Franklin, 2004), then it is better to compel them to vote. Lack of voting will threaten the very concept of democracy (Lehoucq 2003). In most of the democratic countries is that people do not want to be involved in the political process. Officially they remain on leave on the day of polling in their constituencies but in real they take this leave an excuse to do their household works or entertain them. Their priority is not participating in voting, rather turning the day in a pleasant moment to enjoy and sit idle at home. They do not care who is going to lose and who is going to win. They are entirely d isinterested in understanding their own role in the democratic process like polling and the entire process of voting and polling. Some of them turn philosophical and argue that all the parties and all the candidates are equally bad so there is no use of preferring some of them to others. There are so many unjustifiable arguments are given by them to support their stand. But it is a fact that this is an act of shrinking from oneà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s own responsibilities (Birch, 2009). One fails to elect the most eligible person and moreover one does not show any interest in improving the virtual condition of his own political system. If one is so shocked to realize the fact that all the candidates are bad then he could help in finding out a person who is eligible for the public sector according to the standards of eligibility. This is possible and is the most appropriate step taken in this direction. This is the most suitable attitude also. An individual in some way or other is helping the country to evolve democratically on the horizon (Gallego, 2007; Marisam; 2009). Having all these things in mind, the compulsory voting system is being implemented or going to be implemented in most of the democratic countries. However, this is a system or theory given and propounded by human beings and it can not be logically expected to be devoid of any flaws. On th e other hand it has very much, its share of merits and demerits, advantages and disadvantages. This particular issue has been discussed in detail for the pros and cons of this system however it depends on an individual to judge the validity of any arguments based on the evidences given in their support.

The Main Themes of The Story Of An Hour - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 3 Words: 784 Downloads: 1 Date added: 2019/05/27 Category Literature Essay Tags: The Story Of An Hour Essay Did you like this example? Kate Chopin, the only child of 5 to survive into adulthood. Her piece The Story of an Hour can be perceived in different ways. It is just as the title describes, a story that occurs within the span of an hour. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The Main Themes of The Story Of An Hour" essay for you Create order One could regard it as just a return from death stories and forget about it. However, this short story has a much more in depth meaning and attempts to make a statement about womens rights and maybe even humanity. In most cases death ensues grief or sorrow whereas in this story, death brings a mixture of those along with jubilation and a sense of newfound independence. Kate Chopin made the heroine of the story Louise portray how marriage can be confining and something like enslaving or a form of servitude rather than being a mutually loving partnership. Mr. Mallard our heroiners husband is believed to have died from a railroad crash which we can equate this to change in life or the act of moving on. Through his death, his wife would be transitioning from being a wife to being an individual with goals and aspirations. The story opens with the author making known that Mrs.Mallards heart trouble will play a role in the story and her sister felt that because of this, relaying the news of her husbandrs death had to be taken with great caution. Upon discovering the news, she understandably begins to cry and grieve in her room as she requests to be alone. Grief turns to reflection as she looks back on her life, and the reality of a new life without her husband present begins to settle in. Louise feels this overbearing feeling building up though she tries to fight it, she is aware of its presence. The feeling is far from grief as to be expected, but happiness for the new freedom that has been seemingly bestowed upon her. Chopin describes th e emotions of Louise and there is a variance in the language used. We see this in the quote And yet she loved him-sometimes. Often she did not showing how indifferent her emotions are in contrast to where her true feelings are seen through change in language. The simple statement above is stunted by What did it matter! What could love, the unsolved mystery, count for in the face of this possession of self-assertion which she suddenly recognized as the strongest impulse of her being! When the emotions Louise experiences become stronger, the syntax and diction changes. She ponders over the funeral day and knows that shell be brought to tears but for reason other than sadness. The bondage she feels marriage brings is for both men and women and she attempts to shut out the fact that she had feelings for her husband and through this we start to wonder just how sad this marriage really was. We can infer that Louise is an older women from the statement earlier in the story describing her as having a fair calm face with lines projecting repression. We later come to see that as being incorrect, the lines Chopin speaks of are a result of Louisers unhappiness with her marriage as well as possibly her heart condition. She attempts to bite back the words Free! Free! Free! (Chopin 4), however, in doing so she also seems content doing so. The death of her husband seemed to be seen as freedom of being under the rule of another and even freedom from a man she did not fully love. We dont know her first name at the beginning of the story and as the story progresses and t is revealed, we can see that Chopin does this in an attempt to show Louise trying to regain her identity lost upon marriage. Thinking on the time, wives of the latter part of 19th century were legally tied to their husbands will. However, widows did not bear the same obligations and had more recognition and thus, more of a handle on their lives. Regardless of how good of a husband Brently Mallard was to his wife, Chopin suggested that any relationship presents some limitation whether intentional or not. Mrs. Mallard looks outside her window and sees the trees with new life as spring approaches. All her eyes can see from the window are signs of new life which is worded very effectively as spring is equated with a sign of rebirth and renewal and her husband died around this time of year. In the statement that she would live for herself only in the coming years, Chopin suggests that the life she was living before was one in which her husband wanted for her rather than how she wanted to live.

In Nathaniel HawthorneS The Scarlet Letter, There Are

In Nathaniel Hawthorne s The Scarlet Letter, there are many important scenes. But there are five scenes that stood out and pushed the plot forward. This includes Hester walking out of the prison, Chillingworth finds out about Dimmesdale’s scarlet letter, and Dimmesdale stands on the scaffold with Hester and Pearl. The final two being Hester meeting Dimmesdale in the forest and the Dimmesdale confessing his sin. These scenes are the key points in his novel. The first major scene in Hawthorne’s The Scarlet Letter is the first few sceness of the book. Here, in the first few scene, we are introduced to everything that we need to know about this novel. We establish our main characters, Hester Prynne, Hester s daughter Pearl, Reverend Arthur†¦show more content†¦Here Chillingworth reveals the scarlet letter on Dimmesdale s chest. Chillingworth is ecstatic by the sight and starts to dance around. Hawthorne compared him to Satan because of his unusual behavior. This scene is important because it establishes the start of Chillingworth s revenge and hatred for Dimmesdale. Thirdly, Dimmesdale goes out to stand on the scaffold. Reverend Arthur Dimmesdale had been feeling a heavy burden of guilt, weighing him down. One night he decides to go upon the scaffold to stand. During his time on the scaffold Dimmesdale lets out if frustrated and starts to imagine what would happen if he was seen. Soon after Dimmesdale sees Hester and Pearl and calls them up onto the scaffold. Hester is slightly confused, but complies to Dimmesdale’s request. As readers, we get to see how the three interact and get to learn more about their situation. We also learn about Dimmesdale’s fear and hatred for Chillingworth. Towards the end of this chapter a meteor fly through the sky, shedding light on the town. â€Å"A great red letter in the sky – the letter A, which we have interpreted to stand for Angel.† (Hawthorne 174) This scene symbolizes the beginning of people forgetting and moving on from Hester and her sin. Next, is when Hester and Dimmesdale meet in the forest. In this scene, the reader sees Hester and Dimmesdale both generally happy for the first time. Throughout the novel, we seeShow MoreRelatedNathaniel Hawthorne’s Diction of the Scarlet Letter952 Words   |  4 PagesNathaniel Hawthorne’s Diction of The Scarlet Letter The Scarlet Letter by Nathaniel Hawthorne presents the reader with the harsh, life changing conflicts of three Puritan characters during the 17th century. Hester Prynne, Arthur Dimmesdale, and Robert Chillingworth must endure their different, yet surprisingly similar struggles as the novel progresses. Despite their similarities, Hawthorne shows these individuals deal with their conflicts differently, and in the end, only one prevails. NathanielRead MoreEssay on Nathaniel Hawthornes The Scarlet Letter1158 Words   |  5 Pagesa term that the Oxford English Dictionary defines as â€Å"the practice of claiming to have moral standards or beliefs to which one’s own behavior does not conform.† In Nathaniel Hawthorne’s novel The Scarlet Letter, the characters’ hypocrisy represents the pervasiveness of hypocrisy in all people. Hypocrisy is evident in all of The Scarlet Letter’s main characters: Hester, Dimmesdale, Chillingworth, the town of Boston, and P earl. One of the main characters in the novel, Hester, shows the pervasivenessRead MoreNathaniel Hawthornes The Scarlet Letter Essays798 Words   |  4 PagesNathaniel Hawthorne was an American writer in the 1800s. He had many works of Romanticism, most being inspired by Puritan New England. 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Every human being needs the opportunity to express how they truly feel; otherwise the emotions become bottled up until they begin to hurt the person. Unfortunately, the puritans were not allowed this type of expression. Luckily, at least for the fourRead MoreRomanticism And Transcendentalism In Nathaniel Hawthornes The Scarlet Letter956 Words   |  4 Pages The Scarlet Letter - Research Paper Nathaniel Hawthorne is 19th-century author whose works were primarily classified as romanticism and transcendentalism. His works held many controversial elements for his time including the extensive use of feminist principles. Many of Hawthornes novels depict a different viewpoint on the defiance towards misogyny and patriarchal ways. The Scarlet Letter furthermore enhances these elements. Hawthorne’s novel, The Scarlet Letter, portrays the many elements of feminism

The Scarlet Letter By Nathaniel Hawthorne Essay - 1189 Words

You’re free. Calmly sitting in a chair reading a book. One moment later, your tied up. Unable to move, unable to escape the ropes that tie you down. There is a tray of food in arms reach and you seem to be comfortably placed. You seek a way to get get out and run from whoever trapped you, yet part of you wants to stay. The pros and cons of the situation seem to be swirling around clouding your judgement. Equivalently, The Scarlet Letter by Nathaniel Hawthorne portrays the same clouded judgement with Hester’s exile. Throughout the novel Hester’s exile has the reader to believe that she has experiences that both enlighten and alienate her as a character. Even though experience with exile may seem to lead us down only one path, the one of despair and solitude, Hester’s experience with exile taught her that solitude gives strength, proving a rift teaches us more about our character. Throughout the book, Hester can been seen in conflicting views because of Pearl and the sin she created. As though it may seem as if her life in Boston for the seven years explained seems to lead to much despair, Hester was able to develop a close relationship with Pearl. Overtime Hester is put into question with her parenting skills and abilities to be an acceptable role model for her daughter. With these arising questions Hester proves to the minister her capabilities and intentions are everything pure by explaining that â€Å"[she] can teach [her] little Pearl what [she] has learned from this!†Show MoreRelatedThe Scarlet Letter By Nathaniel Hawthorne1242 Words   |  5 PagesLYS PAUL Modern Literature Ms. Gordon The Scarlet Letter The scarlet letter is book written by Nathaniel Hawthorne who is known as one the most studied writers because of his use of allegory and symbolism. He was born on July 4, 1804 in the family of Nathaniel, his father, and Elizabeth Clark Hathorne his mother. Nathaniel added â€Å"W† to his name to distance himself from the side of the family. 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In â€Å"The Scarlet Letter†, the letter â€Å"A† is used to symbolize a variety of different concepts. The three major symbolistic ideas that the letter â€Å"A† represents in Nathaniel Hawthorne’s â€Å"The Scarlet Letter† are; shame, guilt, and ability. In Nathaniel Hawthorne’s â€Å"The Scarlet Letter†, the firstRead MoreThe Scarlet Letter By Nathaniel Hawthorne1397 Words   |  6 PagesFebruary 2016 The Scarlet Letter was written by Nathaniel Hawthorne in 1850 which is based on the time frame of the Puritans, a religious group who arrived in Massachusetts in the 1630’s. The Puritans were in a religious period that was known for the strict social norms in which lead to the intolerance of different lifestyles. Nathaniel Hawthorne uses the puritan’s strict lifestyles to relate to the universal issues among us. The time frame of the puritans resulted in Hawthorne eventually thinkingRead MoreThe Scarlet Letter By Nathaniel Hawthorne999 Words   |  4 Pages Nathaniel Hawthorne is the author of the prodigious book entitled The Scarlet Letter. In The Scarlet Letter, Hester Prynne commits adultery with Reverend Arthur Dimmesdale. Her husband, Roger Chillingworth, soon finds out about the incident after it becomes clear that she is pregnant. The whole town finds out and Hester is tried and punished. Meanwhile, Roger Chillingworth goes out then on a mission to get revenge by becoming a doctor and misprescribing Dimmesdale. He does this to torture DimmesdaleRead MoreThe Scarlet Letter, by Nathaniel Hawthorne1037 Words   |  5 Pagesthat human nature knows right from wrong, but is naturally evil and that no man is entirely â€Å"good†. Nathaniel Hawthorne, author of the classic novel The Scarlet Letter, believes that every man is innately good and Hawthorne shows that everyone has a natural good side by Hester’s complex character, Chillingworth’s actions and Dimmesdale’s selfless personality. At the beginning of the Scarlet Letter Hester Prynne is labeled as the â€Å"bad guy†. The townspeople demand the other adulterer’s name, butRead MoreThe Scarlet Letter By Nathaniel Hawthorne1517 Words   |  7 PagesNathaniel Hawthorne composes Pearl as a powerful character even though she is not the main one. Her actions not only represent what she is as a person, but what other characters are and what their actions are. Hawthorne makes Pearl the character that helps readers understand what the other characters are. She fits perfectly into every scene she is mentioned in because of the way her identity and personality is. Pearl grows throughout the book, which in the end, help the readers better understandRead MoreThe Scarlet Letter, By Nathaniel Hawthorne1488 Words   |  6 Pages In Nathaniel Hawthorne’s novel The Scarlet Letter, the main character, Hester Prynne, is a true contemporary of the modern era, being cast into 17th century Puritan Boston, Massachusetts. The Scarlet Letter is a revolutionary novel by Nathaniel Hawthorne examining the ugliness, complexity, and strength of the human spirit and character that shares new ideas about independence and the struggles women faced in 17th century America. Throughout the novel, Hester’s refusal to remove the scarlet letterRead MoreThe Scarlet Letter By Nathaniel Hawthorne1319 Words   |  6 PagesPrynne and Arthur Dimmesdale are subject to this very notion in Nathaniel Hawthorne s The Scarlet Letter. Hester simply accepted that what she had done was wrong, whereas Dimmesdale, being a man of high regard, did not want to accept the reality of what he did. Similar to Hester and Dimmesdale, Roger Chillingworth allows his emotions to influence his life; however, his influence came as the result of hi s anger. Throughout the book, Hawthorne documents how Dimmesdale and Hester s different ways of dealingRead MoreThe Scarlet Letter By Nathaniel Hawthorne1714 Words   |  7 PagesSome two hundred years following the course of events in the infamous and rigid Puritan Massachusetts Colony in the 1600s, Nathaniel Hawthorne, descendant of a Puritan magistrate, in the 19th century, published The Scarlet Letter. Wherein such work, Hawthorne offered a social critique against 17th Massachusetts through the use of complex and dynamic characters and literary Romanticism to shed light on said society’s inherent contradiction to natural order and natural law. In his conclusive statements

Social Networking Security Issues with an Emphasis on...

Social Networking: Security Issues with an Emphasis on Today’s Networking Media Before getting started on the topic listed above, what exactly is Social Networking? A social networking service is reported as being an online service, platform, or site that focuses on building and reflecting social networks or social relations among people, who for instance might share common interests, activities, went to the same school, work at the same company and the list goes on. Although social networks can be useful; they can also be damaging to an individual’s career, personal life, and affect many other aspects of their lives. In this paper instead of discussing the positive of social networking, what about some of the more common negative†¦show more content†¦This example alone is a big issue in security. It is far too easy for youth to gain access on one of these sites. The only safe way would possibly gather the person’s social security number, but that would cause other problems right? So the best solution for this kind of situation is for pare nts to stay involved with what their kids are doing. If the parent feels it is ok then how about making the page private which would be beneficial for the kid’s safety. Networking sites are now using a new technology called geolocation. Geolocation is defined as the identification of the real-world geographic location of an object, such as a radar, mobile phone or an internet-based computer terminal. Now when this technology came about, there was definitely this feeling of what is going on in the world. This technology basically if the person allows, tells anybody in the world that has internet access where that person is located. Typically this is how geolocation apps work: they report location to other users, and they associate real-world locations to the individual’s location. Social networking sites that have this capability include Facebook, Twitter, and Google. Facebook version of the application is called Places. Twitter’s version is called Twitterific or Tweetie and allows the individual to attach their current location to their tweets.Show MoreRelatedSocial Media And Its Effect On Society1619 Words   |  7 PagesSocial media is and has become a basic necessity in millions of people’s lives, these ranges from personal relationship, Jobs, education, and leisure you name it and it will be on social media. The earlier form of social media (Email, phone calls, postal letters) interconnected people in many formal and informal ways but failed to allow people to visualize their social networks. 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What Makes A Great Leader - 1299 Words

â€Å"The best way to predict the future is to create it† as stated by Peter Drucker, a famous philosopher during the early 1900s. Everyone is entitled to his or her own opinion. Within the choices we make on an everyday basis, it is imperative to use what we know and have gained through social experiences to complete the possibilities of our â€Å"castle in the air†. For this will make and shape our own destiny, to the top of our zenith. Desire, time management, and caution are what make a great leader. An entrepreneur is someone who is innovative, well determined, and hardworking. Even if one may not have all they acquire, to be willing to stand through the tests of time and carry on out what they planned for in life. This is what carries you through in the long run for getting the job done and sticking to the game plan. It is necessary to know what customers want so that you will be ahead of the competition. Being in demand is great but having longevity is even better. Creating a product that a customer can relate to is what will allow a business to remain relevant. Building a relationship with the consumer and having a brand that they can easily identify makes customers loyal. These tactics are what leaders should impress upon in their team to obtain success. A great leader is often one who is willing to do the task alone and labor over a task to make sure it is done correctly. Entrepreneurs often work in small ma rkets to create a new product or service. An entrepreneur isShow MoreRelatedWhat Makes A Great Leader?1271 Words   |  6 PagesLincoln. All great leaders, all posses the same characteristics. When it comes to leadership many different names can be added to the long list. If you were to take a closer look on those people you will find what makes up a great leader. Being a leader is meant for only a certain breed of people. To be a great leader a person must consist of Confidence, Intelligence, and they must be versed. 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This thought is kind of true, servant leadership can be traced back to many religions, but it is alsoRead MoreWhat Is Leadership And Who Makes A Great Leader? Us Academic Environments Define Leadership?919 Words   |  4 PagesWhat is leadership and who makes a great leader? US academic environments define leadership as â€Å"a process of social influence in which a person can enlist the aid and support of others in accomplishment of a common task† (Chemers, 1997). Studies of leadership have produced theories involving traits, situational interactions, functions, behavior, power, vision and values, charisma, and intelligence as important facets of leadership. Therefore, leadership is about being able to articulate ones vision

Buddhism, Taoism, Confucianism Comparison Essay Example For Students

Buddhism, Taoism, Confucianism Comparison Essay Buddhism, Taoism, Confucianism Comparison Essay Essay There are many similarities and differences between the three ways of life we have been studying for the past week. Each has its own unique purpose and type of people. Buddhism, Taoism, and Confucianism all have similar and different qualities. I will explain similarities and differences in this essay. The basic beliefs and concepts of Confucianism are similar to Taoism in the sense that they want peace and good behavior. The Buddhists, on the other hand, strictly have the purpose to reach Nirvana and follow the four noble truths. The overall goal of Confucian is different than Buddhism and Taoism because the overall goal of the Confucius is to find their peaceful and harmonious place in life, while the two others have no overall goal. The goal of the individual believer is similar in Confucianism and Buddhism because they each follow a certain behavior and want to be in harmony with nature. The Tao just have to follow the life according to the Tao. All of the three beliefs have a different view on life. The Confucians believe that you should be improved by education and development of your character. The Tao believed that the life you lived with the Tao ways was good and following societys ways was very bad. The Buddhist believe that there will always be negativity in life, and that all life has a lot of suffering in it. Therefore, you cannot change that. This is why the Buddhists think reincarnation is a bad thing. There is a similar bond between the Confucians and the Tao in the category rules and behavior. They both believe that you must act accordingly in some way. These two are different also in the sense that Tao believe the life is to be lived according to the Tao and Confucians believe to live it according to actions. Also, the Confucians believed you need to understand the relationship with family, and to follow the five goals of Confucianism. The Buddhists had a totally different idea for this though they believe that you just need to follow behavior in the ways of the eightfold path and the nine precepts. In the category of view of society, each belief has a different view. The Confucians believed that you develop good character through a good life and that everyone has their own role. The Taos thought society to be negative. They believed that it was artificial and went against all beliefs of the Tao. The Buddhists usually have an explanation and opinion for everything, but in this case they didnt. Each belief influenced China in a unique way. The Confucians influenced the basis of society, family structure, and the government for thousands of years. The Tao influenced the poetry types Li-Po and TuFu. The Buddhists influenced China by the improvement of landscape painting and that was pretty much it. As you can see Confucianism, Buddhism, and Taoism are very different, but at the same time they are very similar. Each belief has its unique view on basic beliefs, overall goals, goals of the individual believer, view of life, rules of behavior, views of society and influence on China. Even though some of the views are negative it is the only way the people of that belief know. Religion .